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There were exceptions, such as DEC, which produced in Europe most of what it sold there. There were also many alliances across countries, such as Fujitsu with Amdahl and ICL, NEC with Honeywell and Groupe Bull, and Hitachi with Olivetti.

Still, most companies kept the majority of their production in their home country and earned most of their revenues there as well. Parallel with IBM’s global distribution of its activities, a second engine driving the eventual globalization of production in the computer industry was the international investment of the broader electronics and semiconductor industries.

The U.S. electronics industry started moving production offshore in the 1960s, with companies such as Motorola, General Electric, Texas Instruments, General Instruments, and Fairchild Semiconductor establishing production facilities in a number of Asian countries.

The Japanese electronics industry was likewise taking advantage of cheap labor, cheap land, and government incentives in Asian countries, although the Japanese companies were less inclined to move higher value added activities offshore than their American counterparts.

Still, the Japanese played an important role in developing an electronics industry in Asia, particularly in Taiwan and several southeast Asian countries. European electronics companies such as Philips, Alcatel, and Siemens also were significant investors in Asia.

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3. Globalization of the Computer Industry (3)
4. The Mainframe of Computing Era (7)
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