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The two most common transport-layer protocols in use today include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) found in TCP/IP and SPX (Sequential Packet Exchange) found in IPX/SPX. The corresponding protocol-stack network-layer protocols are IP (Internet Protocol) and IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange).

After reviewing descriptions of each layer an investigator will realize that when someone refers to a switch that is designed to operate at layer 2 in an Ethernet network, that person is saying that network traffic is switched using MAC address headers. The same conversation may identify the switch as operating at layer 3, in [...]

Normally layers act independently and do not need information from the lower layers, allowing the receiving system to discard unwrapped data from lower levels as the data moves up the stack. Although each layer in the OSI model has a clearly defined role in network communications, each layer may not be required in all network [...]

No discussion of networks would be complete without mentioning the OSI (open systems interconnect) model. Early in their careers network engineers start hearing references about layer 2 and layer 3 devices.